The paper describes the conditions in which yellow vetchling Lathyrus aphaca occurs in Wielkopolska Province. Populations of this species, new for the flora of Wielkopolska Province, were found in 2014 in the vicinity of the Podstolice railway station (on the Poznań – Warsaw route) (ATPOL CD1206), and in 2017 in the vicinity of a railway siding leading to the Trzuskawica S.A. Company in Bielawy near Barcin (ATPOL CC5671). Many flowering and fruiting plants were found, as well as self-sown seedlings, but the observation period was too short to determine if yellow vetchling is already a permanent element of the flora of Wielkopolska Province.